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Roll Q/25/0025

Court
Enterprise Court Ghent
Jurisdiction
Belgium
Decided
2025-12-15
AI tool
Implied
Outcome
Hearing on possible sanction
Monetary penalty
None reported

What was hallucinated

Fabricated: Case Law | Submission cited 'Cass. 25 november 2021, AR C.20.0193.F'; court verified via Google AI-mode and found the cited cassation decision/rolnummer does not exist and the provided ECLI was incorrect. || Fabricated: Case Law | Submission cited 'Cass. 14 juni 2021, P.20.0810.N'; court checked and concluded no such Cassation judgment or ECLI exists — the reference is fabricated. || Fabricated: Case Law | Submission cited 'GwH nr. 104/2017 van 6 juli 2017' as a Constitutional Court decision relevant to equality; court found no such decision at that date/number and that the cited ruling does not support the asserted proposition.

Sanction teardown · Enterprise Court Ghent, Belgium · 2025-12-15

Roll Q/25/0025

What happened

In Enterprise Court Ghent, Belgium, a filing relied on an unnamed/unconfirmed AI tool to help draft legal argument. The court identified the following problems with the citations in that filing:

  • Fabricated (Case Law)
    Submission cited 'Cass. 25 november 2021, AR C.20.0193.F'; court verified via Google AI-mode and found the cited cassation decision/rolnummer does not exist and the provided ECLI was incorrect.
  • Fabricated (Case Law)
    Submission cited 'Cass. 14 juni 2021, P.20.0810.N'; court checked and concluded no such Cassation judgment or ECLI exists — the reference is fabricated.
  • Fabricated (Case Law)
    Submission cited 'GwH nr. 104/2017 van 6 juli 2017' as a Constitutional Court decision relevant to equality; court found no such decision at that date/number and that the cited ruling does not support the asserted proposition.

Which AI tool

an unnamed/unconfirmed AI tool. Note: Charlotin's public database records tool attribution only where a court order, brief, or reporting on the matter states it explicitly; "unidentified" or "implied" means the record indicates AI use but does not name a specific product — we do not guess.

Outcome

Hearing on possible sanction

How Citation Safe would have caught this

Citation Safe runs three deterministic layers before a brief is filed: (1) does the citation exist against CourtListener's database of published opinions, (2) if quoted, does that exact language appear in the source, (3) does the cited case actually support the proposition it is cited for. Fabricated case citations fail Layer 1. Fabricated or misattributed quotations fail Layer 2 even when the underlying case is real. Misrepresented holdings — a real case cited for a proposition it does not support — are the target of Layer 3. None of these checks involve asking another language model whether the citation looks right; they are lookups and text-matches against the actual source, which is why a hallucinated citation has to survive a direct lookup against the authoritative source — not another model's opinion — to earn a VERIFIED stamp; our measured false-verify rate is published live at /quality.

Check a brief before you file it → · See our live false-verify rate

Source: https://www.damiencharlotin.com/documents/1181/Q_25_0025_Belgium_16_December_2025.pdf, via Damien Charlotin's public AI Hallucination Cases Database (CC0).

Source: https://www.damiencharlotin.com/documents/1181/Q_25_0025_Belgium_16_December_2025.pdf

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