What was hallucinated

Fabricated: Exhibits & Submissions | Written representations referenced nonexistent exhibits (identified at paras 16 and 35); Registrar concluded these exhibits did not exist and contributed to misleading filings. || Misrepresented: Legal Norm | The Requesting Party misrepresented the Trademarks Act by substituting 'services' for 'goods' in its citation of the statutory text (para 9); Registrar treated this as a material misstatement of the legal norm. || Misrepresented: Case Law | Cited authorities that do not stand for the propositions relied upon (e.g., Performance Apparel and Perley-Robertson were cited improperly); Registrar held those citations irrelevant or inapposite. || False Quotes: Case Law | Passages of case law and authority were inaccurately quoted or paraphrased, producing false or misleading statements of precedent (noted at paras 12 and 51).

Sanction teardown · Trademarks Opposition Board, Canada · 2026-06-29

Chilly Moose Ltd. v Moosehead Breweries Limited

What happened

In Trademarks Opposition Board, Canada, a filing relied on an unnamed/unconfirmed AI tool to help draft legal argument. The court identified the following problems with the citations in that filing:

Fabricated (Exhibits & Submissions)

Written representations referenced nonexistent exhibits (identified at paras 16 and 35); Registrar concluded these exhibits did not exist and contributed to misleading filings.
Misrepresented (Legal Norm)

The Requesting Party misrepresented the Trademarks Act by substituting 'services' for 'goods' in its citation of the statutory text (para 9); Registrar treated this as a material misstatement of the legal norm.
Misrepresented (Case Law)

Cited authorities that do not stand for the propositions relied upon (e.g., Performance Apparel and Perley-Robertson were cited improperly); Registrar held those citations irrelevant or inapposite.
False Quotes (Case Law)

Passages of case law and authority were inaccurately quoted or paraphrased, producing false or misleading statements of precedent (noted at paras 12 and 51).

Which AI tool

an unnamed/unconfirmed AI tool. Note: Charlotin's public database records tool attribution only where a court order, brief, or reporting on the matter states it explicitly; "unidentified" or "implied" means the record indicates AI use but does not name a specific product — we do not guess.

Outcome

Adverse Costs Order (monetary penalty: 2975 CAD.)

How Citation Safe would have caught this

Citation Safe runs three deterministic layers before a brief is filed: (1) does the citation exist against CourtListener's database of published opinions, (2) if quoted, does that exact language appear in the source, (3) does the cited case actually support the proposition it is cited for. Fabricated case citations fail Layer 1. Fabricated or misattributed quotations fail Layer 2 even when the underlying case is real. Misrepresented holdings — a real case cited for a proposition it does not support — are the target of Layer 3. None of these checks involve asking another language model whether the citation looks right; they are lookups and text-matches against the actual source, which is why a hallucinated citation has to survive a direct lookup against the authoritative source — not another model's opinion — to earn a VERIFIED stamp; our measured false-verify rate is published live at /quality.

Check a brief before you file it → · See our live false-verify rate

Source: https://www.damiencharlotin.com/documents/2637/Chilly-Moose-Ltd.-v-Moosehead-Breweries-Limited-2026-TMOB-121.pdf, via Damien Charlotin's public AI Hallucination Cases Database (CC0).

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