Compiled by Citation Safe (Digital Empire Holdings LLC) from the court’s published sanction order (decided October 1, 2026). Quotes and case details come from the order itself — check the primary source before relying on them.

Sanction teardown · First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber), UK · 2026-10-01

FJ v Secretary of State for the Home Department

What happened

In First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber), UK, a filing relied on an unnamed/unconfirmed AI tool to help draft legal argument. The court identified the following problems with the citations in that filing:

Fabricated (Case Law)

The skeleton argument cited an apparent Upper Tribunal decision that the judge identified as an AI hallucination; the Tribunal did not rely on it and instead considered current policy documents.
Fabricated (Case Law)

The skeleton argument cited an apparent Upper Tribunal decision that the judge identified as an AI hallucination; the Tribunal did not rely on it and instead considered current policy documents.

Which AI tool

an unnamed/unconfirmed AI tool. Note: Charlotin's public database records tool attribution only where a court order, brief, or reporting on the matter states it explicitly; "unidentified" or "implied" means the record indicates AI use but does not name a specific product — we do not guess.

Outcome

Not specified in source record.

Additional detail

The appellant’s skeleton argument cited two apparent Upper Tribunal decisions—AA (Afghanistan) CG [2024] UKUT 00123 (IAC) and AS (Afghanistan: risk categories) CG [2023] UKUT 00456 (IAC). The judge stated that these appeared to be AI hallucinations and therefore focused on the Respondent’s current policy documents as the relevant country-information sources. The appeal was dismissed, with no separate professional sanction or monetary penalty imposed for the citations.

How Citation Safe would have caught this

Citation Safe runs three deterministic layers before a brief is filed: (1) does the citation exist against CourtListener's database of published opinions, (2) if quoted, does that exact language appear in the source, (3) does the cited case actually support the proposition it is cited for. Fabricated case citations fail Layer 1. Fabricated or misattributed quotations fail Layer 2 even when the underlying case is real. Misrepresented holdings — a real case cited for a proposition it does not support — are the target of Layer 3. None of these checks involve asking another language model whether the citation looks right; they are lookups and text-matches against the actual source, which is why a hallucinated citation has to survive a direct lookup against the authoritative source — not another model's opinion — to earn a VERIFIED stamp; our measured false-verify rate is published live at /quality.

Check a brief before you file it → · See our live false-verify rate

Source: https://www.damiencharlotin.com/documents/3254/FJ_v._Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department_United_Kingdom_29-09-2026.pdf, via Damien Charlotin's public AI Hallucination Cases Database (CC0).