[
  {
    "id": 1,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)",
    "citation": "384 U.S. 436",
    "quote": "the prosecution may not use statements",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 2,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)",
    "citation": "384 U.S. 436",
    "quote": "the prosecution may not use statements... stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 3,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)",
    "citation": "384 U.S. 436",
    "quote": "law enforcement is barred from introducing statements gathered while a suspect was held for questioning unless proper protective measures were followed",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 4,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)",
    "citation": "384 U.S. 436",
    "quote": "the prosecution MAY use statements... stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 5,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)",
    "citation": "347 U.S. 483",
    "quote": "the prosecution may not use statements",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 6,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)",
    "citation": "384 U.S. 436",
    "quote": "a suspect's silence during custodial interrogation may itself be introduced as substantive evidence of guilt at trial",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 7,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)",
    "citation": "384 U.S. 436",
    "quote": "the  prosecution  may  not  use  statements ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 8,
    "category": "exact_verbatim",
    "case_name": "Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)",
    "citation": "347 U.S. 483",
    "quote": "in the field of public education the doctrine of \"separate but equal\" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Full contiguous quote, correct citation -- positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 9,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)",
    "citation": "347 U.S. 483",
    "quote": "in the field of public education the doctrine of \"separate",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 10,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)",
    "citation": "347 U.S. 483",
    "quote": "in the field of public ... educational facilities are inherently unequal",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 11,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)",
    "citation": "347 U.S. 483",
    "quote": "racially separated public schools are fundamentally unfair even when facilities are comparable, because division itself creates inequality",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 12,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)",
    "citation": "347 U.S. 483",
    "quote": "in the field of public education the doctrine of \"separate but equal\" HAS ITS place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 13,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)",
    "citation": "392 U.S. 1",
    "quote": "in the field of public education the doctrine of \"separate but equal\" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 14,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)",
    "citation": "347 U.S. 483",
    "quote": "public school districts retain unreviewable discretion to maintain racially separate facilities so long as funding is equal",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 15,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)",
    "citation": "347 U.S. 483",
    "quote": "in  the  field  of  public  education  the  doctrine  of  \"separate  but  equal\"  has  no  place.  Separate  educational  facilities  are  inherently  unequal ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 16,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)",
    "citation": "392 U.S. 1",
    "quote": "where a police officer observes unusual conduct which leads him reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that criminal activity may be afoot",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 17,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)",
    "citation": "392 U.S. 1",
    "quote": "where a police officer observes unusual conduct which leads him reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that criminal activity may be afoot... he is entitled... to conduct a carefully limited search of the outer clothing",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 18,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)",
    "citation": "392 U.S. 1",
    "quote": "an officer who notices suspicious behavior suggesting a crime might be occurring can pat down the suspect's outer garments for weapons",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 19,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)",
    "citation": "392 U.S. 1",
    "quote": "where a police officer observes ORDINARY conduct which leads him reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that criminal activity may be afoot... he is entitled... to conduct a carefully limited search of the outer clothing",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 20,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)",
    "citation": "5 U.S. 137",
    "quote": "where a police officer observes unusual conduct which leads him reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that criminal activity may be afoot",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 21,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)",
    "citation": "392 U.S. 1",
    "quote": "an officer's mere hunch, without any articulable facts, is sufficient grounds for a full custodial arrest",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 22,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)",
    "citation": "392 U.S. 1",
    "quote": "where  a  police  officer  observes  unusual  conduct  which  leads  him  reasonably  to  co1clude  in  light  of  his  experience  that  criminal  activity  may  be  afoot ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 23,
    "category": "exact_verbatim",
    "case_name": "Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)",
    "citation": "5 U.S. 137",
    "quote": "It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Full contiguous quote, correct citation -- positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 24,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)",
    "citation": "5 U.S. 137",
    "quote": "It is emphatically the province and duty of",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 25,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)",
    "citation": "5 U.S. 137",
    "quote": "It is emphatically the province ... say what the law is",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 26,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)",
    "citation": "5 U.S. 137",
    "quote": "courts have both the authority and the obligation to determine the meaning of statutes and the Constitution",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 27,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)",
    "citation": "5 U.S. 137",
    "quote": "It is emphatically the province and duty of the LEGISLATIVE department to say what the law is",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 28,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)",
    "citation": "217 N.Y. 382",
    "quote": "It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 29,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)",
    "citation": "5 U.S. 137",
    "quote": "the political branches, not the judiciary, hold final authority to interpret the meaning of a federal statute",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 30,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)",
    "citation": "5 U.S. 137",
    "quote": "It  is  emphatically  the  province  and  duty  of  the  judicial  department  to  say  what  the  law  is ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 31,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 217 N.Y. 382 (1916)",
    "citation": "217 N.Y. 382",
    "quote": "if the nature of a thing is such that it is reasonably certain to place life and limb in peril when negligently made, it is then a thing of danger",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 32,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 217 N.Y. 382 (1916)",
    "citation": "217 N.Y. 382",
    "quote": "if the nature of a thing is such that it is reasonably certain to place life and limb in peril when negligently made, it is then a thing of danger... the manufacturer of this thing of danger is under a duty to make it carefully",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 33,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 217 N.Y. 382 (1916)",
    "citation": "217 N.Y. 382",
    "quote": "when a product could foreseeably endanger someone if built carelessly, the maker owes a duty of reasonable care in producing it",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 34,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 217 N.Y. 382 (1916)",
    "citation": "217 N.Y. 382",
    "quote": "if the nature of a thing is such that it is reasonably UNLIKELY to place life and limb in peril when negligently made, it is then a thing of danger... the manufacturer of this thing of danger is under a duty to make it carefully",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 35,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 217 N.Y. 382 (1916)",
    "citation": "248 N.Y. 339",
    "quote": "if the nature of a thing is such that it is reasonably certain to place life and limb in peril when negligently made, it is then a thing of danger",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 36,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 217 N.Y. 382 (1916)",
    "citation": "217 N.Y. 382",
    "quote": "a manufacturer's duty of care runs only to the immediate purchaser, never to a remote or downstream user",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 37,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 217 N.Y. 382 (1916)",
    "citation": "217 N.Y. 382",
    "quote": "if  the  nature  of  a  thing  is  such  that  it  is  reasonably  certain  to  place  li1e  and  limb  in  peril  when  negligently  made,  it  is  then  a  thing  of  danger ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 38,
    "category": "exact_verbatim",
    "case_name": "Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 248 N.Y. 339 (1928)",
    "citation": "248 N.Y. 339",
    "quote": "The risk reasonably to be perceived defines the duty to be obeyed, and risk imports relation; it is risk to another or to others within the range of apprehension",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Full contiguous quote, correct citation -- positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 39,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 248 N.Y. 339 (1928)",
    "citation": "248 N.Y. 339",
    "quote": "The risk reasonably to be perceived defines the duty to be obeyed, and risk",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 40,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 248 N.Y. 339 (1928)",
    "citation": "248 N.Y. 339",
    "quote": "The risk reasonably to be ... within the range of apprehension",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 41,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 248 N.Y. 339 (1928)",
    "citation": "248 N.Y. 339",
    "quote": "the scope of a defendant's obligation is limited to harms that were foreseeable to someone in that position",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 42,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 248 N.Y. 339 (1928)",
    "citation": "248 N.Y. 339",
    "quote": "The risk reasonably to be perceived DEFINES NOT the duty to be obeyed, and risk imports relation; it is risk to another or to others within the range of apprehension",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 43,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 248 N.Y. 339 (1928)",
    "citation": "9 Ex. 341",
    "quote": "The risk reasonably to be perceived defines the duty to be obeyed, and risk imports relation; it is risk to another or to others within the range of apprehension",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 44,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 248 N.Y. 339 (1928)",
    "citation": "248 N.Y. 339",
    "quote": "the duty of care owed by a defendant extends to every plaintiff regardless of the foreseeability of harm",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 45,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 248 N.Y. 339 (1928)",
    "citation": "248 N.Y. 339",
    "quote": "The  risk  reasonably  to  be  perceived  defines  the  duty  to  be  obeyed,  and  risk  im1orts  relation;  it  is  risk  to  another  or  to  others  within  the  range  of  apprehension ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 46,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Ex. 341 (1854)",
    "citation": "9 Ex. 341",
    "quote": "where two parties have made a contract which one of them has broken, the damages",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 47,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Ex. 341 (1854)",
    "citation": "9 Ex. 341",
    "quote": "where two parties have made a contract which one of them has broken, the damages... should be such as may fairly and reasonably be considered either arising naturally... or such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 48,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Ex. 341 (1854)",
    "citation": "9 Ex. 341",
    "quote": "when one side breaches an agreement, damages recoverable are limited to losses naturally flowing from the breach or reasonably foreseen by both sides",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 49,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Ex. 341 (1854)",
    "citation": "9 Ex. 341",
    "quote": "where two parties have made a contract which NEITHER of them has broken, the damages... should be such as may fairly and reasonably be considered either arising naturally... or such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 50,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Ex. 341 (1854)",
    "citation": "304 U.S. 64",
    "quote": "where two parties have made a contract which one of them has broken, the damages",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 51,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Ex. 341 (1854)",
    "citation": "9 Ex. 341",
    "quote": "consequential damages are recoverable in every breach-of-contract action regardless of whether they were foreseeable to the breaching party",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 52,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Ex. 341 (1854)",
    "citation": "9 Ex. 341",
    "quote": "where  two  parties  have  made  a  contract  wh1ch  one  of  them  has  broken,  the  damages ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 53,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)",
    "citation": "304 U.S. 64",
    "quote": "Except in matters governed by the Federal Constitution or by Acts of Congress, the law to be applied in any case is the law of the State",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 54,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)",
    "citation": "304 U.S. 64",
    "quote": "Except in matters governed by the Federal Constitution or by Acts of Congress, the law to be applied in any case is the law of the State... There is no federal general common law",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 55,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)",
    "citation": "304 U.S. 64",
    "quote": "outside of constitutional or statutory matters, federal courts must apply the substantive law of the relevant state rather than fashion their own",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 56,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)",
    "citation": "304 U.S. 64",
    "quote": "Except in matters governed by the Federal Constitution or by Acts of Congress, the law to be applied in any case is the law of the STATE... There IS federal general common law",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 57,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)",
    "citation": "326 U.S. 310",
    "quote": "Except in matters governed by the Federal Constitution or by Acts of Congress, the law to be applied in any case is the law of the State",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 58,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)",
    "citation": "304 U.S. 64",
    "quote": "federal courts sitting in diversity must apply a uniform body of general common law rather than state law",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 59,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)",
    "citation": "304 U.S. 64",
    "quote": "Except  in  matters  governed  by  the  Federal  Constitution  or  by  Acts  of  Congress,  the  law  to  be  applied  in  any  case  is  the  law  of  the  State ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 60,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945)",
    "citation": "326 U.S. 310",
    "quote": "due process requires only that in order to subject a defendant to a judgment in personam",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 61,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945)",
    "citation": "326 U.S. 310",
    "quote": "due process requires only that in order to subject a defendant to a judgment in personam... he have certain minimum contacts with it such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 62,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945)",
    "citation": "326 U.S. 310",
    "quote": "a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant only if there are sufficient ties to the forum that make the lawsuit fair",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 63,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945)",
    "citation": "326 U.S. 310",
    "quote": "due process requires only that in order to subject a defendant to a judgment in personam... he have certain MAXIMUM contacts with it such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 64,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945)",
    "citation": "477 U.S. 317",
    "quote": "due process requires only that in order to subject a defendant to a judgment in personam",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 65,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945)",
    "citation": "326 U.S. 310",
    "quote": "personal jurisdiction may be exercised over any defendant regardless of contacts with the forum, so long as notice is given",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 66,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945)",
    "citation": "326 U.S. 310",
    "quote": "due  process  requires  only  that  in  order  to  su1ject  a  defendant  to  a  judgment  in  personam ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 67,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986)",
    "citation": "477 U.S. 317",
    "quote": "the plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 68,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986)",
    "citation": "477 U.S. 317",
    "quote": "the plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment... against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 69,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986)",
    "citation": "477 U.S. 317",
    "quote": "summary judgment must be granted against a party unable to produce evidence supporting a necessary part of their claim",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 70,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986)",
    "citation": "477 U.S. 317",
    "quote": "the plain language of Rule 56(c) PROHIBITS the entry of summary judgment... against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 71,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986)",
    "citation": "550 U.S. 544",
    "quote": "the plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 72,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986)",
    "citation": "477 U.S. 317",
    "quote": "a court must deny summary judgment whenever either party requests a jury trial, regardless of the evidentiary record",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 73,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986)",
    "citation": "477 U.S. 317",
    "quote": "the  plain  language  of  Rule  56(c)  ma1dates  the  entry  of  summary  judgment ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 74,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007)",
    "citation": "550 U.S. 544",
    "quote": "a plaintiff's obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 75,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007)",
    "citation": "550 U.S. 544",
    "quote": "a plaintiff's obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions... Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 76,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007)",
    "citation": "550 U.S. 544",
    "quote": "a complaint needs concrete factual detail, not just conclusory statements, to plausibly justify moving forward",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 77,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007)",
    "citation": "550 U.S. 544",
    "quote": "a plaintiff's obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires LESS than labels and conclusions... Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 78,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007)",
    "citation": "389 U.S. 347",
    "quote": "a plaintiff's obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 79,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007)",
    "citation": "550 U.S. 544",
    "quote": "a complaint satisfies federal pleading standards merely by reciting the elements of the cause of action in sequence",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 80,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007)",
    "citation": "550 U.S. 544",
    "quote": "a  plaintiff's  obligation  to  provide  the  grounds  of  his  en1itlement  to  relief  requires  more  than  labels  and  conclusions ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 81,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)",
    "citation": "389 U.S. 347",
    "quote": "the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 82,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)",
    "citation": "389 U.S. 347",
    "quote": "the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places... what a person knowingly exposes to the public... is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. But what he seeks to preserve as private... may be constitutionally protected",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 83,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)",
    "citation": "389 U.S. 347",
    "quote": "the Constitution's search protections attach to individuals rather than locations, turning on expectations of privacy rather than physical trespass",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 84,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)",
    "citation": "389 U.S. 347",
    "quote": "the Fourth Amendment protects PLACES, not people... what a person knowingly exposes to the public... is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. But what he seeks to preserve as private... may be constitutionally protected",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 85,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)",
    "citation": "372 U.S. 335",
    "quote": "the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 86,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)",
    "citation": "389 U.S. 347",
    "quote": "the Fourth Amendment applies only to searches of a person's primary residence and no other location",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 87,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)",
    "citation": "389 U.S. 347",
    "quote": "the  Fourth  Amendment  pr1tects  people,  not  places ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 88,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)",
    "citation": "372 U.S. 335",
    "quote": "any person haled into court, who is too poor to hire a lawyer, cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 89,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)",
    "citation": "372 U.S. 335",
    "quote": "any person haled into court, who is too poor to hire a lawyer, cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him... this is a fundamental right",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 90,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)",
    "citation": "372 U.S. 335",
    "quote": "an indigent defendant who cannot afford an attorney must be provided one, since representation is essential to a fair proceeding",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 91,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)",
    "citation": "372 U.S. 335",
    "quote": "any person haled into court, who is too RICH to hire a lawyer, cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him... this is a fundamental right",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 92,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)",
    "citation": "376 U.S. 254",
    "quote": "any person haled into court, who is too poor to hire a lawyer, cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 93,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)",
    "citation": "372 U.S. 335",
    "quote": "the right to appointed counsel applies only in capital cases and not to ordinary felony prosecutions",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 94,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)",
    "citation": "372 U.S. 335",
    "quote": "any  person  haled  into  court,  who  is  too  poor  to  hire  a  la1yer,  cannot  be  assured  a  fair  trial  unless  counsel  is  provided  for  him ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 95,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)",
    "citation": "376 U.S. 254",
    "quote": "the constitutional guarantees require",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 96,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)",
    "citation": "376 U.S. 254",
    "quote": "the constitutional guarantees require... a federal rule that prohibits a public official from recovering damages for a defamatory falsehood relating to his official conduct unless he proves... actual malice",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 97,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)",
    "citation": "376 U.S. 254",
    "quote": "public figures suing for defamation about their official duties must show the false statement was made knowingly or recklessly",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 98,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)",
    "citation": "376 U.S. 254",
    "quote": "the constitutional guarantees require... a federal rule that PERMITS a public official from recovering damages for a defamatory falsehood relating to his official conduct unless he proves... actual malice",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 99,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)",
    "citation": "467 U.S. 837",
    "quote": "the constitutional guarantees require",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 100,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)",
    "citation": "376 U.S. 254",
    "quote": "private figures suing for defamation must prove actual malice to the same standard as public officials",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 101,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)",
    "citation": "376 U.S. 254",
    "quote": "the  constitutional  guarantees  require ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 102,
    "category": "exact_verbatim",
    "case_name": "Chevron U.S.A. v. NRDC, 467 U.S. 837 (1984)",
    "citation": "467 U.S. 837",
    "quote": "if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Full contiguous quote, correct citation -- positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 103,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Chevron U.S.A. v. NRDC, 467 U.S. 837 (1984)",
    "citation": "467 U.S. 837",
    "quote": "if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 104,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Chevron U.S.A. v. NRDC, 467 U.S. 837 (1984)",
    "citation": "467 U.S. 837",
    "quote": "if the statute is silent ... permissible construction of the statute",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 105,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Chevron U.S.A. v. NRDC, 467 U.S. 837 (1984)",
    "citation": "467 U.S. 837",
    "quote": "when Congress's intent is unclear, courts defer to an agency's reasonable interpretation of the statute it administers",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 106,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Chevron U.S.A. v. NRDC, 467 U.S. 837 (1984)",
    "citation": "467 U.S. 837",
    "quote": "if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency's answer is based on an IMPERMISSIBLE construction of the statute",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 107,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Chevron U.S.A. v. NRDC, 467 U.S. 837 (1984)",
    "citation": "393 U.S. 503",
    "quote": "if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 108,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Chevron U.S.A. v. NRDC, 467 U.S. 837 (1984)",
    "citation": "467 U.S. 837",
    "quote": "courts owe no deference whatsoever to an agency's interpretation of an ambiguous statute it administers",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 109,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Chevron U.S.A. v. NRDC, 467 U.S. 837 (1984)",
    "citation": "467 U.S. 837",
    "quote": "if  the  statute  is  silent  or  ambiguous  with  respect  to  the  specific  issue,  the  question  for  the  court  is  whether  the  agency's  answer  is  based  on  a  permissible  construction  of  the  statute ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 110,
    "category": "exact_verbatim",
    "case_name": "Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969)",
    "citation": "393 U.S. 503",
    "quote": "It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Full contiguous quote, correct citation -- positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 111,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969)",
    "citation": "393 U.S. 503",
    "quote": "It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 112,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969)",
    "citation": "393 U.S. 503",
    "quote": "It can hardly be argued ... expression at the schoolhouse gate",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 113,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969)",
    "citation": "393 U.S. 503",
    "quote": "students do not lose their free-expression rights simply by walking through the school doors",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 114,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969)",
    "citation": "393 U.S. 503",
    "quote": "It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers RETAIN their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 115,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969)",
    "citation": "367 U.S. 643",
    "quote": "It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 116,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969)",
    "citation": "393 U.S. 503",
    "quote": "students may be disciplined for any off-campus speech regardless of its connection to school activities",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 117,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969)",
    "citation": "393 U.S. 503",
    "quote": "It  can  hardly  be  argued  that  either  students  or  teachers  shed  their  co1stitutional  rights  to  freedom  of  speech  or  expression  at  the  schoolhouse  gate ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 118,
    "category": "exact_verbatim",
    "case_name": "Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961)",
    "citation": "367 U.S. 643",
    "quote": "all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by that same authority, inadmissible in a state court",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Full contiguous quote, correct citation -- positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 119,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961)",
    "citation": "367 U.S. 643",
    "quote": "all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 120,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961)",
    "citation": "367 U.S. 643",
    "quote": "all evidence obtained by searches ... inadmissible in a state court",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 121,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961)",
    "citation": "367 U.S. 643",
    "quote": "unlawfully seized evidence cannot be introduced against a defendant in state criminal proceedings",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 122,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961)",
    "citation": "367 U.S. 643",
    "quote": "all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by that same authority, ADMISSIBLE in a state court",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 123,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961)",
    "citation": "95 U.S. 714",
    "quote": "all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by that same authority, inadmissible in a state court",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 124,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961)",
    "citation": "367 U.S. 643",
    "quote": "the exclusionary rule applies exclusively in federal prosecutions and has no application in state courts",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 125,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961)",
    "citation": "367 U.S. 643",
    "quote": "all  evidence  obtained  by  searches  and  seizures  in  violation  of  the  Co1stitution  is,  by  that  same  authority,  inadmissible  in  a  state  court ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 126,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878)",
    "citation": "95 U.S. 714",
    "quote": "every State possesses exclusive jurisdiction and sovereignty over persons and property within its territory",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 127,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878)",
    "citation": "95 U.S. 714",
    "quote": "every State possesses exclusive jurisdiction and sovereignty over persons and property within its territory... no State can exercise direct jurisdiction and authority over persons or property without its territory",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 128,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878)",
    "citation": "95 U.S. 714",
    "quote": "a state's authority is generally confined to people and property physically located within its borders",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 129,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878)",
    "citation": "95 U.S. 714",
    "quote": "every State possesses exclusive jurisdiction and sovereignty over persons and property WITHIN ITS territory... no State can exercise direct jurisdiction and authority over persons or property WITHIN its territory",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 130,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878)",
    "citation": "381 U.S. 479",
    "quote": "every State possesses exclusive jurisdiction and sovereignty over persons and property within its territory",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 131,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878)",
    "citation": "95 U.S. 714",
    "quote": "a state may exercise jurisdiction over any defendant worldwide regardless of any connection to its territory",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 132,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878)",
    "citation": "95 U.S. 714",
    "quote": "every  State  possesses  exclusive  jurisdiction  and  sovereignty  ov1r  persons  and  property  within  its  territory ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 133,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)",
    "citation": "381 U.S. 479",
    "quote": "specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 134,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)",
    "citation": "381 U.S. 479",
    "quote": "specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance... various guarantees create zones of privacy",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 135,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)",
    "citation": "381 U.S. 479",
    "quote": "although not textually enumerated, several amendments together imply a broader right to personal privacy",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 136,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)",
    "citation": "381 U.S. 479",
    "quote": "specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights LACK penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance... various guarantees create zones of privacy",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 137,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)",
    "citation": "556 U.S. 662",
    "quote": "specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 138,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)",
    "citation": "381 U.S. 479",
    "quote": "the right to privacy under the Constitution is expressly enumerated in the text of the Third Amendment",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 139,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)",
    "citation": "381 U.S. 479",
    "quote": "specific  guarantees  in  the  Bill  of  Rights  have  penumbras,  formed  by  em1nations  from  those  guarantees  that  help  give  them  life  and  substance ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 140,
    "category": "exact_verbatim",
    "case_name": "Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009)",
    "citation": "556 U.S. 662",
    "quote": "a claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Full contiguous quote, correct citation -- positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 141,
    "category": "truncated",
    "case_name": "Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009)",
    "citation": "556 U.S. 662",
    "quote": "a claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Shortened but still a genuine contiguous excerpt, correct citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 142,
    "category": "ellipsis_abuse",
    "case_name": "Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009)",
    "citation": "556 U.S. 662",
    "quote": "a claim has facial plausibility ... liable for the misconduct alleged",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Non-contiguous language joined with an ellipsis; may misrepresent the source even though both fragments are individually real. Ground truth: should not be certified as a confirmed verbatim quote."
  },
  {
    "id": 143,
    "category": "paraphrase",
    "case_name": "Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009)",
    "citation": "556 U.S. 662",
    "quote": "a complaint survives dismissal only if its factual allegations make the claim plausible, not merely conceivable",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Same meaning, different wording -- must not exact/fuzzy match real text."
  },
  {
    "id": 144,
    "category": "single_word_substitution",
    "case_name": "Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009)",
    "citation": "556 U.S. 662",
    "quote": "a claim LACKS facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "All but one word identical to the real quote; the changed word reverses or materially changes the legal meaning. Tests whether bag-of-words fuzzy matching incorrectly confirms near-identical but meaning-inverted text."
  },
  {
    "id": 145,
    "category": "wrong_citation",
    "case_name": "Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009)",
    "citation": "384 U.S. 436",
    "quote": "a claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Real quote incorrectly attributed to a different case's citation."
  },
  {
    "id": 146,
    "category": "fabricated",
    "case_name": "Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009)",
    "citation": "556 U.S. 662",
    "quote": "a complaint must include sworn affidavits from at least two corroborating witnesses to survive a motion to dismiss",
    "expect_confirmed": false,
    "note": "Invented sentence, not present anywhere in the real opinion."
  },
  {
    "id": 147,
    "category": "typo_noise",
    "case_name": "Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009)",
    "citation": "556 U.S. 662",
    "quote": "a  claim  has  facial  plausibility  when  the  plaintiff  pleads  factual  content  that  allows  the  co1rt  to  draw  the  reasonable  inference  that  the  defendant  is  liable  for  the  misconduct  alleged ,",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Same real language with minor OCR/whitespace noise -- should still confirm via the fuzzy fallback."
  },
  {
    "id": 148,
    "category": "exact_fragment",
    "case_name": "Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)",
    "citation": "384 U.S. 436",
    "quote": "stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Second genuine contiguous verbatim excerpt (final clause) from the same opinion -- additional positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 149,
    "category": "exact_fragment",
    "case_name": "Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)",
    "citation": "392 U.S. 1",
    "quote": "to conduct a carefully limited search of the outer clothing",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Second genuine contiguous verbatim excerpt (final clause) from the same opinion -- additional positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 150,
    "category": "exact_fragment",
    "case_name": "MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 217 N.Y. 382 (1916)",
    "citation": "217 N.Y. 382",
    "quote": "the manufacturer of this thing of danger is under a duty to make it carefully",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Second genuine contiguous verbatim excerpt (final clause) from the same opinion -- additional positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 151,
    "category": "exact_fragment",
    "case_name": "Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Ex. 341 (1854)",
    "citation": "9 Ex. 341",
    "quote": "or such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Second genuine contiguous verbatim excerpt (final clause) from the same opinion -- additional positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 152,
    "category": "exact_fragment",
    "case_name": "Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)",
    "citation": "304 U.S. 64",
    "quote": "There is no federal general common law",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Second genuine contiguous verbatim excerpt (final clause) from the same opinion -- additional positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 153,
    "category": "exact_fragment",
    "case_name": "International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945)",
    "citation": "326 U.S. 310",
    "quote": "he have certain minimum contacts with it such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Second genuine contiguous verbatim excerpt (final clause) from the same opinion -- additional positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 154,
    "category": "exact_fragment",
    "case_name": "Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986)",
    "citation": "477 U.S. 317",
    "quote": "against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Second genuine contiguous verbatim excerpt (final clause) from the same opinion -- additional positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 155,
    "category": "exact_fragment",
    "case_name": "Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007)",
    "citation": "550 U.S. 544",
    "quote": "Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Second genuine contiguous verbatim excerpt (final clause) from the same opinion -- additional positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 156,
    "category": "exact_fragment",
    "case_name": "Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)",
    "citation": "389 U.S. 347",
    "quote": "may be constitutionally protected",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Second genuine contiguous verbatim excerpt (final clause) from the same opinion -- additional positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 157,
    "category": "exact_fragment",
    "case_name": "Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)",
    "citation": "372 U.S. 335",
    "quote": "this is a fundamental right",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Second genuine contiguous verbatim excerpt (final clause) from the same opinion -- additional positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 158,
    "category": "exact_fragment",
    "case_name": "Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878)",
    "citation": "95 U.S. 714",
    "quote": "no State can exercise direct jurisdiction and authority over persons or property without its territory",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Second genuine contiguous verbatim excerpt (final clause) from the same opinion -- additional positive control."
  },
  {
    "id": 159,
    "category": "exact_fragment",
    "case_name": "Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)",
    "citation": "381 U.S. 479",
    "quote": "various guarantees create zones of privacy",
    "expect_confirmed": true,
    "note": "Second genuine contiguous verbatim excerpt (final clause) from the same opinion -- additional positive control."
  }
]